Trail Pheromones in Pest Control

Insects are considered pests if they threaten a resource that is valued by humans, such as human health. The protection of a resource from a pest is usually achieved by poisoning the pest with a toxic pesticide, but protection can also be achieved by manipulating a behavior of the pest. Manipulation is defined as the use of stimuli that either stimulate or inhibit a behavior, thereby changing its expression. This definition excludes some areas in which changes in pest behavior are advantageous to pest management, notably those resulting from the sublethal effects of toxic chemicals or substances that induce a gross change in physiology (Gould, 1991) and those that merely consider the pest's behavior, such as planting a crop out of synchronization with the pestilential behavior. Intuitively, one might expect that the manipulation of a pestilential behavior (e.g., feeding on the resource) or a behavior closely related to the pestilential behavior (e.g., finding the resource) is more likely to be useful for pest management than the manipulation of behaviors unrelated to the resource (e.g., mating). The attract-annihilate method is by far the most widely used behavioral manipulation for pest management. The strategy of this method is simple: attract the pests to a site where as many of the pests as possible can be removed from the environment (Lanier, 1990).