Differential responses of the rhizosphere microbiome structure and soil metabolites in tea (Camellia sinensis) upon application of cow manure

Abstract Background The rhizosphere is the narrow zone of soil immediately surrounding the root, and it is a critical hotspot of microbial activity, strongly influencing the physiology and development of plants. For analyzing the relationship between the microbiome and metabolome in the rhizosphere of tea ( Camellia sinensis ) plants, the bacterial composition and its correlation to soil metabolites were investigated under three different fertilization treatments (unfertilized, urea, cow manure) in different growing seasons (spring, early and late summer). Results The bacterial phyla Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes , Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated the rhizosphere of tea plants regardless of the sampling time. These indicated that the compositional shift was associated with different fertilizer/manure treatments as well as the sampling time. However, the relative abundance of these enriched bacteria varied under the three different fertilizer regimes. Most of the enriched metabolic pathways stimulated by different fertilizer application were all related to sugars, amino acids fatty acids and alkaloids metabolism. Organic acids and fatty acids were potential metabolites mediating the plant-bacteria interaction in the rhizosphere. Bacteria in the genera Proteiniphilum , Fermentimonas and Pseudomonas in spring, Saccharimonadales and Gaiellales in early summer, Acidobacteriales and Gaiellales in late summer regulated relative contents of organic and fatty acids. Conclusion This study documents the profound changes to the rhizosphere microbiome and bacterially derived metabolites under different fertilizer regimes and provides a conceptual framework towards improving the performance of tea plantations.